The Treasury At Petra (Al-Khazneh): All Your Questions, Answered

Looking for information on the Treasury at Petra, or Al-Khazneh? You’re in the right place!

When I visited Petra and Jordan last year, I got to hear from one of the archaeologists – beyond that, I have a Masters degree in Archaeology and have participated on 10+ excavations, plus photographing archaeological sites for conservation.

Petra, the ancient city nestled in the rocky landscapes of Jordan, has captivated the imaginations of travelers, scholars and filmmakers (Indiana Jones, anyone?). The journey through this historical site is more than a tour—it’s an exploration of mysteries, legends, and the architectural wonders left by the Nabateans.

Among the many treasures of Petra, the Treasury, or Al-Khazneh in Arabic, stands as a testament to the city’s grandeur and enigmatic history, and is the most photographed part of Petra.

In this blog post, we delve into the intriguing details of the Treasury, answering questions that pique the curiosity of both seasoned archaeologists and curious adventurers!

Questions About The Petra Treasury, Answered

Here are the most-asked questions about the Treasury – then keep reading for even more information about this amazing archaeological site!

What was the Treasury in Petra used for?

The exact purpose of the Treasury (Al-Khazneh) is unclear, but it is believed to have been a mausoleum and crypt. Recent excavations have revealed chamber-tombs beneath it.

When was the Treasury in Petra built?

The Treasury in Petra was likely constructed in the 1st century AD/CE (9 BC to 40 CE) during the reign of the Nabatean King Aretas IV Philopatris. The king is mentioned once in the Bible, with Paul’s escape from Damascus, and he criticized Herod Antipas who was married to his daughter.

His reign was during the zenith of the Nabataean Kingdom, which witnessed the rise of architectural marvels such as Qasr al-Bint, segments of the Great Temple, and the Temple of the Winged Lions—a testament to the shared artistic narrative that echoes through Petra’s ancient streets.

Scholars and archaeologists haven’t known for sure when to date the Treasury’s construction because there has been no real concrete evidence; that is, until the archaeological excavation in 2003.

The 2003 excavations revealed the ancient tombs in front of the Treasury, which date to 25/20-10 BCE. That’s how the dating of the Treasury to the reign of King Aretas IV was decided.

Why is it called the Treasury?

The name “Treasury” comes from legends about the decorative stone urn high on the second level, although it is solid sandstone. Bedouins in the 19th century believed it contained treasures, leading to the name “Al-Khazneh” (“the Treasury” in Arabic).

👉 One intriguing tale links the Treasury to an Egyptian Pharaoh who, through magical means, created the Khazneh as a secure repository for his treasury while pursuing Moses after the escape through the miraculously parting Red Sea. This connection led to the alternative name “Khazneh el-Far’oun” or the “Treasury of the Pharaoh.”

👉 Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt documented another legend, suggesting that “ancient pharaonic treasures” were concealed within the urn. Visible bullet damage on the urn attests to the fervent belief in these tales, with Bedouins, captivated by the legends, being attributed to causing the harm by the Jordanian government.

What is inside the Treasury in Petra?

The interior of the Treasury comprises a plain main chamber and three antechambers. It is believed to contain the tomb of Nabataean King Aretas IV.

What is the difference between the Treasury and the Monastery in Petra?

While both are impressive rock-cut structures, the Monastery is larger and located in a different part of Petra. The Monastery is believed to be a tomb or shrine.

The Treasury is the first structure you see once you walk through the Siq in Petra, while the Monastery is at the other end, and includes walking through much of Petra before climbing the 800-step hike to the Monastery!

Why can’t you go inside Petra Treasury?

Access to the interior of the Treasury is restricted to protect its preservation. In the past, it was possible to enter, but it’s now off-limits to tourists.

There is, however, a 3D photogrammetry and laser scanning initiative that you can see here, driven by the imperative to address weathering and erosion threatening this invaluable cultural heritage.

Findings underscore salt damage as a primary concern, emphasizing the importance of managing relative humidity to mitigate this threat, amidst the broader spectrum of conservation efforts.

The Front of the Treasury: Decoding the Iconography

The façade of Al Khazneh, or “The Treasury,” intricately carved over two millennia ago, showcases a blend of ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman influences. The main figure, identified as Isis, bears the basileion (Isis emblem) on the pediment’s acroterion, showcasing the Nabataeans’ adoption of the Isis cult from Egypt.

The worship of Isis in Petra, beginning in the last third of the 1st century BC, is evidenced by archaeological finds and coin depictions from the time of King Aretas IV.

Isis, a protective deity of the dead and queen of heaven, embodies regenerative motifs and the sepulchral realm. Her portrayal in the context of the Khazneh’s iconographic program reflects a harmonious blend of these aspects.

The colossal reliefs on the façade depict mythological figures: four eagles at the top symbolize carriers of souls, while dancing Amazons with double axes on the upper level represent regenerative motifs and the sepulchral realm.

Flanking the entrance are statues of the twins Castor and Pollux, known for hope, redemption, and guiding souls into the afterlife as psychopomps.

How was the Treasury at Petra Constructed?

The construction of Al-Khazneh, the magnificent Treasury in Petra, was a feat of precision and ingenuity by Nabataean craftsmen. The process began from the top, where stonemasons meticulously carved a narrow ledge across the cliff’s width.

Working level by level, they chiseled out the architecture, decorations, and interiors following preliminary drawings. The facade’s vast surface was divided into manageable rectangles, allowing better control over each segment.

Workers were lowered from the top edge on ropes to refine the finished structure, applying stucco and paint. Vertical rows of slots served as climbing notches and supports for scaffolding.

As the basement took shape, older tomb facades were repurposed until their upper parts were dismantled. The interiors mirrored the top-down approach, with horizontal shafts guiding the gradual hollowing from ceiling to floor.

The construction project extended beyond the monument itself, necessitating precise planning for the forecourt, including leveling with crushed rock and sand. The entire process, from inception to completion, spanned approximately three years.

The Treasury, and other structures in Petra, likely were built with astronomy as a major factor.

Petra & The Nabateans

Nestled amid the rugged canyons of Jordan’s southwestern corner, Petra thrived as the bustling capital of the Nabataean empire from 400 BCE to 106 CE. After centuries of desolation, it remained shrouded in mystery until a European traveler donned Bedouin attire and uncovered its secrets in the early 1800s. In 1985, the Petra Archaeological Park gained UNESCO World Heritage status, later earning a place among the new seven wonders of the world in 2007.

The Nabataeans, rulers of a vast territory encompassing modern-day Israel, Jordan, and the northern Arabian peninsula, left an enduring legacy. Archaeological excavations led by Zeidoun Al-Muheisen reveal evidence of their innovative water systems, but Petra’s secrets still lie mostly buried, with only 15 percent of the city unearthed.

Petra: A Nexus of Trade and Engineering Marvels

Petra’s origins trace back to the late first century BCE, when it emerged as a key player in the spice trade. Its location in the great rift valley east of Wadi ‘Araba in Jordan provided it’s strategic position.

Petra’s significance in trade and hydraulic engineering systems under the autonomous rule of the Nabataeans became paramount. The Colonnaded Street, stretching through the heart of Petra, witnessed rapid urbanization by the mid-first century CE, showcasing the city’s growth and prosperity.

The Rise of Nabataeans and Roman Influence

The history of Petra took a transformative turn around 312 BC when the Nabataeans, migrating into Edom during the Persian period, established it as their capital.

The Nabataeans, an ancient people shrouded in the mystery of an unwritten history, first surface in the accounts of Diodorus of Siculus in the first century BC, drawing from the writings of Hieronymus of Cardia from the fourth century BC.

With the emergence of an independent Nabataean kingdom in the second century BC, as evidenced by the minting of their coins, they carved their identity in the arid expanses east of the Jordan River, in present-day Jordan.

Renowned for their prosperity derived from the lucrative trade in frankincense, myrrh, and spices, the Nabataeans left an indelible mark on the region.

While their story unfolds through fragments of ancient texts, archaeological marvels, and numismatic artifacts, their most iconic connection persists in the rose-red city of Petra, a testament to their once-flourishing civilization.

The subsequent Roman conquest by Pompey in 64-63 BCE marked a shift in Petra’s status, becoming part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.

The Romans, under Emperor Trajan in 106 CE, fully integrated Petra into their dominion, leading to the city’s continued flourishing. Triumphal arches, tomb structures, and a fusion of Nabataean and Roman architectural styles adorned the landscape.

Petra’s Enduring Legacy and Decline

As Christianity gained state recognition in 313 CE, Petra, by then part of the Eastern Roman Empire, retained its urban vitality. The Byzantine period saw Petra as the seat of a bishopric, with evidence of coexistence between Christians and the pagan aristocracy.

However, a devastating earthquake in 551 CE, coupled with a shift in trade routes, set the stage for Petra’s decline. The rise of Islam further relegated Petra to a backwater community, hidden from the Western world until Johann Ludwig Burckhardt’s rediscovery in 1812.

Explorations and Unearthing History

Petra’s allure attracted numerous explorers and archaeologists over the years. J. L. Burckhardt’s rediscovery opened the door to systematic excavations. The early 20th century saw scientific expeditions and mapping projects, contributing to our initial understanding of Petra.

Modern excavations, notably the Petra/Jerash Project, have brought forth new insights, revealing only a fraction of the city’s mysteries. The unearthing of the Great Temple in 1993 by Brown University marked a significant milestone in unraveling Petra’s architectural and intercultural history, adding yet another layer to the city’s rich tapestry.

Architectural Fusion in Petra: The Alexandrian Influence on Al Khazneh’s Facade

Al Khazneh, “The Treasury,” in Petra stands as a testament to the influence of Ptolemaic palace architecture from Alexandria, Egypt. The facade’s intricate floral and figurative elements suggest collaboration with skilled Alexandrian artisans.

The meticulous carvings and three-year estimated construction period underscore the dedication and craftsmanship involved. Originally adorned with stucco, Al Khazneh exemplifies Petra’s cultural fusion and serves as a symbol of the Nabataean kingdom’s rich heritage.

Influencing other Petra facades, it showcases a tholos motif within a broken pediment, echoing Mediterranean and Pompeian architectural principles. Al Khazneh’s legacy extends to structures like the Corinthian Tomb and the Monastery (Ad Deir in Arabic).

The cultural and artistic fusion evident in Al Khazneh speaks to the cosmopolitan nature of Petra, where influences from different regions converged. The incorporation of Alexandrian architectural elements into the Nabataean cityscape highlights the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations and their shared artistic legacies.

More Questions About Petra, Answered

Who built Petra?

Petra was built by the Nabataeans, an ancient Arab people, and it became the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom.

Is Petra one of the 7 Wonders of the World?

Yes, Petra is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

Why is Petra so special?

Petra is renowned for its rock-cut architecture, including the Treasury, and its historical significance as the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom.

Why did Petra get abandoned?

Petra’s decline began with the Roman annexation in 106 AD. The shift in trade routes and natural disasters, such as earthquakes, contributed to its abandonment.

What happened to the people who lived in Petra?

The inhabitants of Petra gradually diminished, and the city was abandoned. The local Bedouin people continue to live in the area.

Is Petra in the Bible?

While Petra is not explicitly mentioned in the Bible, some scholars associate it with the biblical city of Sela of the Edomites.

Are there toilets in Petra?

Yes, modern facilities, including toilets, are available for visitors in Petra.

How long does it take to walk through Petra?

Visiting Petra can take several hours, and the time needed depends on the extent of exploration. A thorough visit may take a full day.

How much does it cost to ride a donkey in Petra?

Donkey ride costs can vary, but it’s advisable to negotiate prices on-site. Expect to pay around 20-30 Jordanian Dinars.

Is the Holy Grail inside Petra?

No, the Holy Grail is not inside Petra. The association comes from its portrayal in the movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

The Best Way To Visit The Petra Treasury

For those eager to experience the Petra Treasury, arriving early is key. The monument, situated 1.2 km from the Petra Visitor Center at the end of the Siq gorge, reveals itself as the Siq opens.

An ideal Instagram shot awaits atop the cliffs via two paths, with Treasury Viewpoint #1 being the official route from the Royal Tombs, and Treasury Viewpoint #2, a shorter but more perilous path starting left of the Treasury (opted for #2 to save my energy for the Monastery steps).

👉 Hours, Admission and Times To See The Petra Treasury

Opening times vary with the season, from 06:00-18:00 in summer to 06:00-16:00 in winter – but always check here to be sure!

Admission costs 90 DOJ, included in Petra tours from Israel. Visitors without guided tours can benefit from the Jordan Pass for a discounted Petra Archaeological Park entry.

Allocate 30 minutes to an hour for a Treasury visit, best enjoyed early morning or late afternoon – but you’ll need the whole day to see all of Petra.

For a special experience, witness the candlelight spectacle on Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday at 20:30, featuring bedouin music, a light show, and tea.

Consider longer tours to explore more of Petra, including the Petra Monastery, Qasr Al-Bint temple, Colonnaded Street, and Petra by Night show to see it all!

👉 What You’ll Need For Visiting Petra

Petra has a lot of sun with not much shade, and a lot of walking. In addition, it’s in a desert. You’ll need:

• A turban or scarf to protect your head and neck from the sun, or a hat that goes all the way around, like this one
• A lot of water and electrolyte packets like these
• It’s easiest to buy 1 liter water bottles. Most people buy a cover with a strap like this one to carry it around more easily
• Make sure you wear sunscreen and re-apply when needed
• Plenty of Sunscreen (I use Badger because it only has 4 ingredients and is reef-safe)
• Good walking shoes like these hiking shoes or Chacos (sandals), or tennis shoes
• A first-aid kit (someone in my group got a blister early on, and thankfully I had tape that I sometimes use for my feet!)
• A daypack – I use this packable daypack because it folds easily into a pouch that you can pack into a suitcase, it’s lightweight and waterproof, and it has pockets for water bottles and more things!
• This Universal Power Adapter
• Anker Portable Charger to make sure your phone, camera battery etc. doesn’t die so you can take all the photos!

👉 Check out even more things to pack on my Travel Resources page here!

Where to stay in Amman, Jordan on any Budget

✅ Budget Option: The Sydney Hotel

The Sydney Hotel is the highest-rated budget hotel in Amman! It has recently renovated rooms and is within walking distance from downtown, Rainbow Street and more popular sites, plus it’s on a quiet street with a backyard area, private parking spaces, daily traditional buffet breakfast plus amenities like a free food order-in service, shared kitchen and airport shuttle!

🌟 Check out this 5-star review from Dylan:
“Nicest hotel staff I’ve ever experienced, such good people. thanks for the Turkish coffee. they gave us local tips huge room, great value for the money. central location”

🛌 Check Current Prices & Availability at The Sydney Hotel Here

If you’re looking for even cheaper, I use HostelWorld to find the best hostels and deals!

✅ Mid-Tier Option: Landmark Amman Hotel & Conference Center

The Landmark Amman Hotel & Conference Center is where I stayed during and a bit after my tour, and I highly recommend it (so do others online, as it’s the highest-rated mid-budget option)! The staff is friendly, they have a great buffet breakfast (for an additional charge), 6 restaurants and bars including, a rooftop restaurant/bar with amazing sunset views! They also have an outdoor pool, fitness center and spa. The rooms and lobby area are also nice to hang out in.

🌟 Don’t just take my word for it! Check out this 5-star review from Charles:
“ALL the staff were exceptionally helpful and kind. Breakfast was great, the facilities were good, the food and drinks (happy hour) was very good, the hotel room and bathroom were much better than many hotels! And I strongly recommend this hotel for its good value.”

🛌 Check Current Prices & Availability at the Landmark Amman Hotel & Conference Center Here

✅ Luxury Option: Fairmont Amman

The Fairmont Amman is the only 5-star deluxe luxury hotel in Amman, and it’s top-rated! It has amazing views, elegant guest rooms and suites with state-of-the-art tech, luxurious bathrooms and more; there are multiple restaurants with all kinds of cuisine, cocktails, music and more, plus a rooftop pool, kids’ pool, spa, fitness, Turkish hammam, Dead Sea pool, steam rooms and saunas, and more amazing amenities!

🌟 Check out this 5-star review from Kelly:
“What a fabulous hotel. We loved our experience. The staff was incredibly friendly and helpful. The grounds were stunning. The rooms were comfortable and beautifully appointed. The bathroom was spacious and sleek. Our favorite was the breakfast—it was a bounty of delicious food, there was more than enough to satisfy the different tastes of our family members. And, wow, the restaurant was spectacular. It was comprised of several different spaces, each with a different decoration theme. We loved peeking into every room and taking in the incredible setting alongside our excellent meal. Our only regret is that our stay was short. I hope to return to this hotel again.”

🛌 Check Availability at the Fairmont Amman Here

🛏️ VRBO is a great place to find vacation rental houses for yourself or a whole group to have the entire place to yourself.

All In All: Petra, the Treasury & More

Even with ongoing excavations led by archaeologist Zeidoun Al-Muheisen of Jordan’s Yarmouk University since 1979, most of Petra’s historical treasures remain concealed beneath the desert sands. Al-Muheisen, specializing in the Nabataean period, notes that only 15 percent of the city has been uncovered, leaving a substantial 85 percent hidden and untouched.

As discoveries date back to the second and first centuries BCE, the mystery of Petra continues to deepen, holding the promise of unveiling more secrets about its ancient past

The ongoing efforts of scholars and archaeologists to reveal the buried remnants and scrolls beneath Petra’s surface offer the potential to shed further light on the city’s rich history and its role in the broader context of ancient civilizations.

Keep Reading:

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